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In an ideal world, plausible threats would be identified proactively in the early phases of product design, through threat modeling and architecture reviews. (SoC boot ROMs, of course, can have their own vulnerabilities.) The first step in eliminating security-impacting technical debt is to understand the threats facing our products and appreciate how different classes of attacks can be carried out. Leveraging the boot-time security features of modern SoC devices, we can reasonably and economically protect against physical threats from average consumers, skilled hobbyists, and even security professionals. The exposure to threats over a product’s lifetime – including often-overlooked scenarios such as open-box returns, warranty servicing, refurbishing, resale, and electronic recycling.Ī grossly outdated adage in information security states, “If an attacker has physical access, your system is already compromised.” It is 2020 and we have the means and ability to do better than that.
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If inadequate effort is invested into reviewing the U-Boot codebase, comparing and contrasting it to a product’s threat model and security requirements, and then making the necessary code and configuration changes, this accumulated technical debt can result in security vulnerabilities. It is the responsibility of OEMs, product vendors, and their partners to configure and modify the bootloader in a manner that best fulfills their security objectives. What security practitioners nowadays regard as “dangerous” unauthenticated operations are simply standard built-in functionality, often enabled by default. The “board configurations” included with the codebase are highly permissive by default the corresponding reference designs are intended to showcase SoC functionality and aid engineers during platform bring-up activities, not serve as a “ready to ship” product.
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The Hidden Cost of Free SoftwareĪlthough the code is free (as in freedom), all of the benefits gained from using U-Boot in a product are not without a cost. Whether it be in a telematics control unit, a long-range industrial wireless gateway, or the latest smart home/office gadget, members of NCC Group’s Hardware and Embedded Systems Services practice regularly encounter U-Boot during security assessments of our clients’ products and in our own research efforts. This vendor-agnostic bootloader is prevalent in a variety of application domains. Many SoC vendors provide (a fork of) U-Boot as part of their standard board support package (BSP) offerings.A regular release cycle, active mailing list, and contributions from many organizations and industry leaders exemplify the project’s maturity.Support for a wide breadth of architectures, SoC families, and platforms means that there’s almost always preexisting code to use as a reference or starting point.Freely available source code and significant configurability that allows engineering teams to tailor the bootloader to their unique hardware platforms and product requirements.U-Boot’s popularity could be attributed to numerous factors, such as: In the 20 years since its first release, the free and open source Das U-Boot bootloader has become an ubiquitous option for bootstrapping system on a chip (SoC) devices running either the Linux operating system or a variety of real-time operation systems (e.g.